Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity,gut health and growth performance

Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include： anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie：lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources （i.e., soybean meal）. This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid re     

Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity,gut health and growth performance

Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include: anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie:lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources (i.e., soybean meal). This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid requirement estimates for nursery pigs.     

Effect of dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio on activities of hepatic enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

This study investigated the influence of different dietary protein/carbohydrate ratios on activities of enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism as well as on growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreo- chromis niloticus). Fish were fed semi-synthetic diets differing in their protein/carbohydrate ratio. The diets were formulated to be isolipidic and isoenergetic (on the basis of metabolizable energy). Fish were reared individually. After a prefeeding phase, tilapia were randomly assigned to three groups and were fed the experimental diets at a relatively low level. The study lasted 9 weeks. Proximate composition, gross energy content, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in the liver of fish were determined. While the mean growth rate and feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly among the feeding groups, the body composition showed significant differences. The dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio had no significant effect on the protein and energy gain, but the lipid gain was significantly higher in tilapia fed the low-protein diet. The activities of ASAT and ALAT per gram of liver and per gram of soluble protein were significantly increased in fish fed the high-protein diet. There was a significant positive correlation between the activities of ASAT and ALAT. The activities of both enzymes in the liver were significantly higher in fish with a higher protein gain. Measuring the activities of enzymes involved in the amino acid metabolism can provide more information about the metabolic utilized dietary protein.     

Amino acid profile of the quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric techniques

The high content of amino acids of the quinoa, especially essential amino acids (higher than other cereals) makes a food increasingly demanded by consumers. A total of twelve amino acids (arginine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine) were analyzed in quinoa samples from Chile by near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with direct application to the samples of a remote fiber-optic reflectance probe. The calibration results using modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression satisfactorily allowed the determination of the concentrations of this amino acid group with high multiple correlation coefficients (RSQ = 0.97–0.71) and low standard prediction errors (SEPC = 0.07–0.20). The prediction capacity (RPD) for the arginine, the cystine, the isoleucine, the lysine, the serine, the threonine, the tryptophan, the tyrosine and the valine ranged between 2.6 and 5.2, for the rest of amino acids were higher to 1.8, indicating that the NIRS equations obtained were applicable to unknown samples. It has confirmed that NIRS technology is a method that may be useful to replace the traditional methods for routine analysis of some amino acids.     

瘦肉型三元杂交生长育肥猪日粮蛋白质主要必需氨基酸配比试验

试验选用体重30 kg和60 kg的杜长大三元杂交生长育肥猪各48头,各阶段随机分为4组(生长猪试1、2、3、4组,育肥猪试5、6、7、8组),每组12头,分别喂给蛋白模型1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8日粮。结果表明,生长猪以试验Ⅰ组平均日增重最高,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高4.08%、7.33%、14.47%;试验Ⅱ组的料重比最低,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组低0.40%、11.70%、8.46%,能量转化效率最高,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高2.5%、10.06%、6.62%,PER最高,分别比试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高10.25%、9.80%、10.25%;育肥猪以试验Ⅶ组日增重最高,分别比试验Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组高6.69%、9.23%、8.32%;料重比以试验Ⅴ组最低,分别比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组低8.55%、3.89%、4.71%;DE转化效率以试验Ⅴ组最高,比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组分别高7.68%、3.15%、3.71%,PER最高,分别比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组高8.95%、4.02%、4.02%。综合考虑,生长猪日粮蛋白质模型以日粮2、育肥猪以日粮5较为理想。     

蚕蛹蛋白与畜禽肉蛋白营养差异比较与探讨

[目的]为蚕蛹蛋白的开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]通过对蚕蛹蛋白与猪肉蛋白、鸡肉蛋白的氨基酸含量进行比较,并对营养价值进行评价。[结果]通过对蚕蛹蛋白与畜禽蛋白的比较结果表明蚕蛹蛋白中含有18种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例为42.20%,符合WHO/FAO评分模式。[结论]蚕蛹蛋白是一种非常优质的蛋白来源。     

氨基酸肥料在生产中的应用进展

介绍了氨基酸肥料的生产来源,实际应用中应注意的问题,如应与无机氮肥配施,应根据作物类型选择浓度,对不同作物的品质影响不一。并对其未来应用前景进行了展望,为合理施用氨基酸肥料,推动生态农业发展提供了依据。     

Loss of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in H2O and 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts

Soil extracts are routinely used to quantify dissolved organic nutrient concentrations in soil. Here we studied the loss and transformation of low molecular weight (LMW) components of DOC (¹⁴C-glucose, 1 and 100 μM) and DON (¹⁴C-amino acid mixture, 1 and 100 μM) during extraction of soil (0-6 h) with either distilled water or 0.5 M K₂SO₄. The extractions were performed at 20 °C, at 4 °C, or in the presence of an inhibitor of microbial activity (HgCl₂ and Na-azide). We showed that both glucose and amino acids became progressively lost from solution with increasing shaking time. The greatest loss was observed in H₂O extracts at 1 μM for both substances (>90% loss after 15 min). Lower temperature (4 °C) and presence of K₂SO₄ both resulted in reduced loss rates. The presence of microbial inhibitors effectively eliminated the loss of glucose and amino acids. We conclude that microbial transformation of LMW-DOC and DON during H₂O or K₂SO₄ extraction of soil may affect the estimation of their concentrations in soil. This finding has significant implications for methods that rely on chemical extractions to estimate LMW-C components of DOC and DON.     

研究不同氨基酸模式对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞生长的影响

本试验以泌乳奶牛乳腺组织为原料,采用组织块培养技术,研究培养基内不同氨基酸模式对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖的影响。结果表明,随着培养天数的增加,细胞数量逐渐增加,第10天各组细胞数量分别达到最高,乳腺上皮细胞生长曲线呈"S"形。不同氨基酸模式对乳腺细胞生长有显著影响,与氨基酸不平衡组相比,氨基酸平衡组、理想组更能促进细胞生长,各组间差异显著(P0.05)。     

比色法测定茶叶GABA含量的可行性研究

应用比色法、HPLC和氨基酸自动分析仪法同时测定了六大茶类共45个样品的GABA含量,结果表明,HPLC与氨基酸分析仪测定结果基本一致,比色法和HPLC法测定的普洱茶、红茶、白茶、黄茶的结果差异极显著(P0.01),应用比色法测得的普洱茶和黑茶中GABA含量比HPLC测定结果高,而其他茶类测定结果低,推测茶叶中含有化学物质(色素、氨基酸等)干扰比色法测定。目前比色法不能应用于茶叶GABA测定,需要进一步改进方法以排除如氨基酸、茶色素等的干扰。